What Is a Surrogate?

sitting pregnant woman

As a groundbreaking option in reproductive medicine, surrogacy offers hope to individuals and couples facing challenges in their journey to have children. This unique arrangement, where a woman carries and gives birth to a child for another person or couple, has helped expand family-building options for those unable to conceive or carry a pregnancy. Beyond addressing infertility, surrogacy opens doors for same-sex couples, single individuals, and those with medical conditions that make pregnancy risky or impossible.

What Is a Surrogate?

The cornerstone of any surrogacy journey is the surrogate herself—a woman or person who agrees to carry and give birth to a child for another individual or couple, known as the intended parents. This remarkable commitment opens doors for those facing insurmountable barriers to parenthood, whether due to medical conditions, infertility, or biological impossibility for LGBTQ folks. While surrogates are typically compensated for their time, effort, and the physical demands of pregnancy, their role remains profoundly meaningful and life-changing for everyone involved. Surrogacy comes in two primary forms: gestational and traditional. Each type presents its own set of medical procedures, legal considerations, and emotional dynamics, profoundly shaping the experiences of all participants:

Gestational Surrogacy

Gestational surrogacy is the most common form of surrogacy today. In this arrangement, the surrogate, also called a gestational carrier, has no genetic link to the child she carries. An embryo is created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) using eggs and sperm from the intended parents or donors, which is then transferred to the surrogate’s uterus. This method allows intended parents the possibility of a genetic connection to their child. 

Gestational surrogacy serves a diverse range of intended parents, including couples struggling with infertility, same-sex couples, single men, single women, and those who cannot safely carry a pregnancy due to medical conditions. While the process involves significant medical procedures and emotional investment for all parties, many surrogates find the experience deeply fulfilling as they help create families for those who couldn’t otherwise have children.

Traditional Surrogacy

Traditional surrogacy involves a surrogate using her own egg, making her the biological mother of the child she carries. Conception typically occurs through artificial insemination using sperm from the intended father or a donor. While less common today due to increased legal and emotional complexities, traditional surrogacy remains an option for some intended parents. This method may be chosen for various reasons, including lower medical costs or a preference for a known genetic connection, oftentimes through a mutual friend, close friend, or family member. As with gestational surrogacy, traditional surrogacy requires careful consideration of legal and emotional factors. Surrogates in a “traditional surrogacy” arrangement play a crucial role in family creation, offering a unique opportunity to those who might otherwise be unable to have children.1 

Legal Considerations

Surrogacy involves important legal steps to protect the rights of both the surrogate and the intended parents. A comprehensive surrogacy agreement is created, outlining responsibilities, financial arrangements, and parental rights. This agreement ensures that all parties are aligned before the pregnancy begins, minimizing the potential for disputes or incompatibilities. In gestational surrogacy, where the surrogate has no genetic link to the child, intended parents often establish legal parentage before birth at the surrogate’s hospital or birthing center. For traditional surrogacy, the legal process can be more complex due to the surrogate’s biological connection to the baby. Given these complexities, working with a reputable surrogacy agency and legal team like Creative Family Connections can help ensure that all legal aspects are expertly managed with care and dedication.

What to Know About the Surrogacy Process

The surrogacy process is the foundation of how intended parents and surrogates work together to bring a child into the world. This journey requires close coordination between all parties, including fertility clinics, legal professionals, and health professionals. Surrogacy agencies, like Creative Family Connections, often play a crucial role in facilitating each step, ensuring a smooth and supportive experience. While every surrogacy journey is unique, the process typically follows these common steps:

  • Initial Consultation and Matching: Intended parents typically begin by consulting with a surrogacy agency, where they discuss their goals and expectations. The agency then works to match them with a surrogate whose values, lifestyle, and health history align with the intended parents’ needs and the IVF Center’s requirements.
  • Medical and Psychological Screening: A surrogate typically will travel to the IVF Center the intended parents have selected for an in-depth medical evaluation. Both the surrogate and the intended parents undergo thorough psychological evaluations and joint mental health sessions. This ensures that everyone is physically healthy and emotionally prepared for the journey ahead, minimizing potential risks and complications. Screenings are conducted by fertility clinics and mental health professionals who are specifically knowledgeable of the surrogacy process and fertility challenges.
  • Legal Agreements: Once all parties are ready to move forward, a legal contract is drafted to outline the terms of the surrogacy contract, including financial compensation, parental rights, and responsibilities during the pregnancy. This agreement is crucial to protect both the surrogate and the intended parents and is typically overseen by legal experts specializing in reproductive law.
  • Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: For gestational surrogacy, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is used to create embryos using the intended parents’ eggs and sperm or donor gametes. Once an embryo is ready, it is transferred to the surrogate’s uterus. There is a waiting period to confirm if the pregnancy has been established through hCG testing local to the surrogate. In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate’s own egg is fertilized through artificial insemination.
  • How Surrogates Become Pregnant: Before the embryo transfer, the surrogate starts taking fertility medications to prepare her body for a surrogate pregnancy. These medications help synchronize her cycle with the intended mother’s or egg donor’s (however hormonal synchronization does not apply for a frozen embryo transfer). Once the embryo, created through IVF, is ready, it’s transferred to the surrogate’s uterus. For traditional surrogacy, artificial insemination is used instead, as the surrogate provides her own egg.
  • Pregnancy and Prenatal Care: Throughout the pregnancy, the surrogate receives comprehensive prenatal care to monitor her health and the baby’s development. Regular check-ups with obstetricians ensure that the pregnancy is progressing smoothly. In the case of a twin pregnancy, a surrogate oftentimes will receive additional care under a maternal fetal medicine physician (MFM). The intended parents are often closely involved during this time, attending appointments when possible and preparing for the baby’s arrival, while maintaining open communication with the surrogate. At CFC, we encourage close relationships between intended parents and their surrogate to make the best and most enjoyable journey possible.
  • Birth and Final Legal Steps: Legal documents are finalized to establish the intended parents’ rights.Depending on the legal strategy for the case and the type of surrogacy, this step may occur before or after birth. In most cases, the intended parents are able to leave the hospital with their baby immediately after delivery while they await the birth certificate.

Medical and Emotional Considerations

When considering surrogacy, it’s crucial to understand both the medical and emotional aspects of the journey. Surrogacy is not only a medical process, but also a profound emotional experience. Medically, surrogates undergo thorough screenings to ensure they’re in excellent health and able to carry a pregnancy to full term. Conditions such as a history of multiple miscarriages, pre-term deliveries without subsequent full-term births, prior medical conditions, or certain lifestyle factors may disqualify a candidate from becoming a surrogate.

Beyond the physical aspects, the emotional dynamics of surrogacy play a significant role. Surrogates often experience a deep sense of fulfillment, while intended parents may feel a mix of hope, anticipation, and anxiety. As the pregnancy progresses and relationships develop, the process can become emotionally rich for both parties. Mental health support, including counseling or support groups, can be beneficial in navigating feelings and managing expectations throughout the surrogacy journey.

Contact Creative Family Connections

Surrogacy is a life-changing journey that requires careful consideration, support, and guidance. Whether you’re an intended parent looking to grow your family or a woman considering becoming a surrogate, partnering with an experienced surrogacy agency can provide the expertise and reassurance you need. Creative Family Connections is here to support you every step of the way, offering personalized guidance to help you navigate the surrogacy process with confidence. Reach out today to learn more about how surrogacy could be the right path for you.

  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/surrogacy
Previous ArticleEmployee Spotlight: Journey Coordinator Morgen Next ArticleDoes a Surrogate Mother Share DNA With the Baby?